Closed captioning Wikipedia. The CC in a TV symbol was created at WGBH. Closed captioning CC and subtitling are both processes of displaying text on a television, videoscreen, or other visual display to provide additional or interpretive information. Both are typically used as a transcription of the audio portion of a program as it occurs either verbatim or in edited form, sometimes including descriptions of non speech elements. Other uses have been to provide a textual alternative language translation of a presentations primary audio language that is usually burned in or open to the video and unselectable. HTML5 defines subtitles as a transcription or translation of the dialogue. Deployment Guide for the Virtual Desktop Infrastructure using Citrix XenDesktop 7. Cisco UCS Mini with Cisco Nexus 9372 Switches on NetApp FAS2552 Storage. Closed captioning CC and subtitling are both processes of displaying text on a television, video screen, or other visual display to provide additional or. Satellite TV News for the Asia Pacific Region. TerminologyeditThe term closed versus open indicates that the captions are not visible until activated by the viewer, usually via the remote control or menu option. On the other hand, open, burned in, baked on, or hard coded captions are visible to all viewers. No more missed important software updates UpdateStar 11 lets you stay up to date and secure with the software on your computer. Fake News Papers Fake News Videos. A Few Abbreviations. Update Rereleased with additional software compatibility fixes on October 4 A new steam client has been released and is being automatically downloaded. Tightrope provides industryleading media delivery systems for digital signage and digital broadcast with our Carousel and Cablecast products. Our reliable tools do. This is an index of all 7866 pages in PrintWiki. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X. How To Download Ipod Music To External Hard Drive here. InformationWeek. com News, analysis and research for business technology professionals, plus peertopeer knowledge sharing. Engage with our community. DyR_NYXsKyA/0.jpg' alt='Broadcast Graphics Overlay Software Definition' title='Broadcast Graphics Overlay Software Definition' />Most of the world does not distinguish captions from subtitles. In the United States and Canada, however, these terms do have different meanings. Subtitles assume the viewer can hear but cannot understand the language or accent, or the speech is not entirely clear, so they transcribe only dialogue and some on screen text. Captions aim to describe to the deaf and hard of hearing all significant audio content spoken dialogue and non speech information such as the identity of speakers and, occasionally, their manner of speaking along with any significant music or sound effects using words or symbols. Also, the term closed caption has come to be used to also refer to the North American EIA 6. NTSC compatible video. The United Kingdom, Ireland, and most other countries do not distinguish between subtitles and closed captions and use subtitles as the general term. The equivalent of captioning is usually referred to as subtitles for the hard of hearing. Their presence is referenced on screen by notation which says Subtitles, or previously Subtitles 8. Ceefax based Teletext encoding that is used with PAL compatible video. The term subtitle has been replaced with caption in a number of PAL markets that still use Teletext such as Australia and New Zealand that purchase large amounts of imported US material, with much of that video having had the US CC logo already superimposed over the start of it. In New Zealand, broadcasters superimpose an ear logo with a line through it that represents subtitles for the hard of hearing, even though they are currently referred to as captions. In the UK, modern digital television services have subtitles for the majority of programs, so it is no longer necessary to highlight which have captioning and which do not. Remote control handsets for TVs, DVDs, and similar devices in most European markets often use SUB or SUBTITLE on the button used to control the display of subtitlescaptions. History editOpen captioningeditRegular open captioned broadcasts began on PBSs The French Chef in 1. WGBH began open captioning of the programs Zoom, ABC World News Tonight, and Once Upon a Classic shortly thereafter. Technical development of closed captioningeditClosed captioning was first demonstrated at the First National Conference on Television for the Hearing Impaired in Nashville, Tennessee in 1. A second demonstration of closed captioning was held at Gallaudet College now Gallaudet University on February 1. ABC and the National Bureau of Standards demonstrated closed captions embedded within a normal broadcast of The Mod Squad. The closed captioning system was successfully encoded and broadcast in 1. PBS station WETA. As a result of these tests, the FCC in 1. PBS engineers then developed the caption editing consoles that would be used to caption prerecorded programs. Real time captioning, a process for captioning live broadcasts, was developed by the National Captioning Institute in 1. In real time captioning, court reporters trained to write at speeds of over 2. As a result, the viewer sees the captions within two to three seconds of the words being spoken. Major US producers of captions are WGBH TV, VITAC, Caption. Max and the National Captioning Institute. In the UK and Australasia, Red Bee Media, itfc, and Independent Media Support are the major vendors. Improvements in speech recognition software mean that live captioning may be fully or partially automated. BBC Sport broadcasts use a respeaker a trained human who repeats the running commentary with careful enunciation and some simplification and markup for input to the automated text generation system. This is generally reliable, though errors are not unknown. Full scale closed captioningeditThe National Captioning Institute was created in 1. The first use of regularly scheduled closed captioning on American television occurred on March 1. Sears had developed and sold the Telecaption adapter, a decoding unit that could be connected to a standard television set. The first programs seen with captioning were a Disneys Wonderful World presentation of the film Son of Flubber on NBC, an ABC Sunday Night Movie airing of Semi Tough, and Masterpiece Theatre on PBS. Legislative development in the U. S. editUntil the passage of the Television Decoder Circuitry Act of 1. Sanyo Electric and marketed by the National Captioning Institute NCI. At that time a set top decoder cost about as much as a TV set itself, approximately 2. Through discussions with the manufacturer it was established that the appropriate circuitry integrated into the television set would be less expensive than the stand alone box, and Ronald May, then a Sanyo employee, provided the expert witness testimony on behalf of Sanyo and Gallaudet University in support of the passage of the bill. On January 2. 3, 1. Television Decoder Circuitry Act of 1. Congress. 2 This Act gave the Federal Communications Commission FCC power to enact rules on the implementation of Closed Captioning. This Act required all analog television receivers with screens of at least 1. July 1, 1. 99. 3. Also, in 1. Americans with Disabilities Act ADA was passed to ensure equal opportunity for persons with disabilities. The ADA prohibits discrimination against persons with disabilities in public accommodations or commercial facilities. Title III of the ADA requires that public facilitiessuch as hospitals, bars, shopping centers and museums but not movie theatersprovide access to verbal information on televisions, films or slide shows. The Telecommunications Act of 1. Decoder Circuity Act to place the same requirements on digital television receivers by July 1, 2. All TV programming distributors in the U. S. are required to provide closed captions for Spanish language video programming as of January 1, 2. A bill, H. R. 3. 10. Twenty First Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act of 2. United States House of Representatives in July 2. A similar bill, S. United States Senate on August 5, 2. House of Representatives on September 2. President Barack Obama on October 8, 2. The Act requires, in part, for ATSC decoding set top box remotes to have a button to turn on or off the closed captioning in the output signal. It also requires broadcasters to provide captioning for television programs redistributed on the Internet. On February 2. 0, 2. FCC unanimously approved the implementation of quality standards for closed captioning,1. Information Software and the Graphical Interface. This draft was released March 1. Please email comments to bretworrydream. You can also download the PDF. Contents What is software Context sensitivity. Changing the world. Information Software and the Graphical Interfaceby Bret Victor. Abstract. The ubiquity of frustrating, unhelpful software interfaces has motivated decades of research into Human Computer Interaction. In this paper, I suggest that the long standing focus on interaction may be misguided. For a majority subset of software, called information software, I argue that interactivity is actually a curse for users and a crutch for designers, and users goals can be better satisfied through other means. Information software design can be seen as the design of context sensitive information graphics. I demonstrate the crucial role of information graphic design, and present three approaches to context sensitivity, of which interactivity is the last resort. After discussing the cultural changes necessary for these design ideas to take root, I address their implementation. I outline a tool which may allow designers to create data dependent graphics with no engineering assistance, and also outline a platform which may allow an unprecedented level of implicit context sharing between independent programs. I conclude by asserting that the principles of information software design will become critical as technology improves. Although this paper presents a number of concrete design and engineering ideas, the larger intent is to introduce a unified theory of information software design, and provide inspiration and direction for progressive designers who suspect that the world of software isnt as flat as theyve been told. Scope and terminologySoftware, as used here, refers to user facing personal desktop software, whether on a native or web platform. Software design describes all appearance and behaviors visible to a user it approaches software as a product. Software engineering implements the design on a computer it approaches software as a technology. These are contentious definitions hopefully, this paper itself will prove far more contentious. Contents. What is software Context sensitivity. Changing the world. Of software and sorcery. A computational process is indeed much like a sorcerers idea of a spirit. It cannot be seen or touched. It is not composed of matter at all. However, it is very real. It can perform intellectual work. It can answer questions. It can affect the world by disbursing money at a bank or by controlling a robot arm in a factory. The programs we use to conjure processes are like a sorcerers spells. Abelson and Sussman, Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs 1. Merlin had it easyraising Stonehenge was a mere engineering challenge. He slung some weighty stones, to be sure, but their placement had only to please a subterranean audience whose interest in the matter was rapidly decomposing. The dead are notoriously unpicky. Todays software magicians carry a burden heavier than 1. They often approach this challenge like Geppettos fairyattempting to instill the spark of life into a mechanical contraption, to create a Real Boy. Instead, their vivified creations often resemble those of Frankensteinhelpless, unhelpful, maddeningly stupid, and prone to accidental destruction. This is a software crisis, and it isnt news. For decades, the usability pundits have devoted vim and vitriol to a crusade against frustrating interfaces. Reasoning that the cure for unfriendly software is to make software friendlier, they have rallied under the banner of interaction design, spreading the gospel of friendly, usable interactivity to all who would listen. Yet, software has remained frustrating, and as the importance of software to society has grown, so too has the crisis. The crusade marches on, with believers rarely questioning the sacred premisethat software must be interactive in the first place. That software is meant to be used. I suggest that the root of the software crisis is an identity crisisan unclear understanding of what the medium actually is, and what its for. Perhaps the spark of life is misdirected magic. What is software designA person experiences modern software almost exclusively through two channels She reads and interprets pictures on a screen. She points and pushes at things represented on the screen, using a mouse as a proxy finger. Thus, software design involves the design of two types of artifact These are not brave new realms of human endeavor. We share the blood of cavemen who pushed spears into mammoths and drew pictures of them in the living room. By now, these two activities have evolved into well established design disciplines graphic design and industrial design. Graphic design is the art of conveying a message on a two dimensional surface. This is a broad field, because people have such a variety of messages to conveyidentity, social status, emotion, persuasion, and so on. Most relevant to software is a branch that Edward Tufte calls information designthe use of pictures to express knowledge of interest to the reader. Some products of conventional information graphic design include bus schedules, telephone books, newspapers, maps, and shopping catalogs. A good graphic designer understands how to arrange information on the page so the reader can ask and answer questions, make comparisons, and draw conclusions. When the software designer defines the visual representation of her program, when she describes the pictures that the user will interpret, she is doing graphic design, whether she realizes this or not. Industrial design is the art of arranging and shaping a physical product so it can be manipulated by a person. This too is a broad field, because people work with such a variety of objectscutlery to chairs, cell phones to cars. A good industrial designer understands the capabilities and limitations of the human body in manipulating physical objects, and of the human mind in comprehending mechanical models. A camera designer, for example, shapes her product to fit the human hand. She places buttons such that they can be manipulated with index fingers while the camera rests on the thumbs, and weights the buttons so they can be easily pressed in this position, but wont trigger on accident. Just as importantly, she designs an understandable mapping from physical features to functionspressing a button snaps a picture, pulling a lever advances the film, opening a door reveals the film, opening another door reveals the battery. Although software is the archetypical non physical product, modern software interfaces have evolved overtly mechanical metaphors. Buttons are pushed, sliders are slid, windows are dragged, icons are dropped, panels extend and retract. People are encouraged to consider software a machinewhen a button is pressed, invisible gears grind and whir, and some internal or external state is changed. Manipulation of machines is the domain of industrial design. When the software designer defines the interactive aspects of her program, when she places these pseudo mechanical affordances and describes their behavior, she is doing a virtual form of industrial design. Whether she realizes it or not. The software designer can thus approach her art as a fusion of graphic design and industrial design. Now, lets consider how a user approaches software, and more importantly, why. What is software for Software is for people.